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Wilding conifers, also known as wilding pines, are invasive tree species in the high country of New Zealand. Millions of dollars are spent on controlling their spread. In the South Island, they threaten 210,000 hectares of public land administered by the Department of Conservation. They are also present on privately owned land and other public land such as roadsides. The wilding conifers are considered to be a threat to biodiversity, farm productivity and to landscape values. Since they often invade tussock grasslands – which are characterised by low-lying vegetation that is considered to be a natural environment – the tall trees become a prominent and unwanted feature. ==Species== There are ten main species that have become wildings:〔''Wilding conifers - New Zealand history and research background'', a presentation by Nick Ledgard at the "Managing wilding conifers in New Zealand - present and future" workshop (2003)〕 * Bishop pine (''Pinus muricata'') * Corsican pine (''Pinus nigra'') * Dwarf mountain pine (''Pinus mugo'') * Lodgepole pine (''Pinus contorta'') * Maritime pine (''Pinus pinaster'') * Ponderosa pine (''Pinus ponderosa'') * Radiata pine (''Pinus radiata'') * Scots pine (''Pinus sylvestris'') * Douglas fir (''Pseudotsuga'' species) * European larch (''Larix decidua'') The various species dominate in different areas of New Zealand. Radiata pine (''Pinus radiata'') is used for 90% of the plantation forests in New Zealand and some of the wilding conifer is a result of these forests. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「wilding conifer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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